NAME

od — octal, decimal, hex, ASCII dump

SYNOPSIS

od	[ -aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOosvXx][ -A base][ -j skip][ -N length][ -t type][ [ +] offset[ .][ Bb]][ file ...]

DESCRIPTION

The od utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or standard input if no files are specified, in a user specified format.

The options are as follows:

-A base

Specify the input address base. The argument base may be one of d, o, x or n, which specify decimal, octal, hexadecimal addresses or no address, respectively.

-a

Output named characters. Equivalent to -t a.

-B, -o

Output octal shorts. Equivalent to -t o2.

-b

Output octal bytes. Equivalent to -t o1.

-c

Output C-style escaped characters. Equivalent to -t c.

-D

Output unsigned decimal ints. Equivalent to -t u4.

-d

Output unsigned decimal shorts. Equivalent to -t u2.

-e, -F

Output double-precision floating point numbers. Equivalent to -t fD.

-f

Output single-precision floating point numbers. Equivalent to -t fF.

-H, -X

Output hexadecimal ints. Equivalent to -t x4.

-h, -x

Output hexadecimal shorts. Equivalent to -t x2.

-I, -L, -l

Output signed decimal longs. Equivalent to -t dL.

-i

Output signed decimal ints. Equivalent to -t dI.

-j skip

Skip skip bytes of the combined input before dumping. The number may be followed by one of b, k or m which specify the units of the number as blocks (512 bytes), kilobytes and megabytes, respectively.

-N length

Dump at most length bytes of input.

-O

Output octal ints. Equivalent to -t o4.

-s

Output signed decimal shorts. Equivalent to -t d2.

-t type

Specify the output format. The type argument is a string containing one or more of the following kinds of type specifiers:

a

Named characters (ASCII). Control characters are displayed using the following names:

000 NUL	001 SOH	002 STX	003 ETX	004 EOT	005 ENQ
006 ACK	007 BEL	008 BS	009 HT	00A NL	00B VT
00C FF	00D CR	00E SO	00F SI	010 DLE	011 DC1
012 DC2	013 DC3	014 DC4	015 NAK	016 SYN	017 ETB
018 CAN	019 EM	01A SUB	01B ESC	01C FS	01D GS
01E RS	01F US	020 SP	07F DEL

c

Characters in the default character set. Non-printing characters are represented as 3-digit octal character codes, except the following characters, which are represented as C escapes:

NUL

\0

alert

\a

backspace

\b

newline

\n

carriage-return

\r

tab

\t

vertical tab

\v

Multi-byte characters are displayed in the area corresponding to the first byte of the character. The remaining bytes are shown as ‘ **’.

[ d| o| u| x][ C| S| I| L| n]

Signed decimal ( d), octal ( o), unsigned decimal ( u) or hexadecimal ( x). Followed by an optional size specifier, which may be either C ( char), S ( short), I ( int), L ( long), or a byte count as a decimal integer.

f[ F| D| L| n]

Floating-point number. Followed by an optional size specifier, which may be either F ( float), D ( double) or L ( long double).

-v

Write all input data, instead of replacing lines of duplicate values with a ‘ *’.

Multiple options that specify output format may be used; the output will contain one line for each format.

If no output format is specified, -t oS is assumed.

ENVIRONMENT

The LANG, LC_ALL and LC_CTYPE environment variables affect the execution of od as described in environ(7).

EXIT STATUS

The od utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

COMPATIBILITY

The traditional -s option to extract string constants is not supported; consider using strings(1) instead.

SEE ALSO

hexdump(1), strings(1)

STANDARDS

The od utility conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (“POSIX.1”).

HISTORY

An od command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.